Testing for changes in light emissions from certified International Dark Sky Places
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Abstract
The International Dark-Sky Places (IDSP) program of the International Dark-Sky Association is a voluntary certification in which communities commit via legislative changes to move towards more sustainable lighting that reduces light pollution. As over 115 IDSP have now been certified, it is interesting to ask the extent to which this certification results in reduced light emissions. In this paper, we compared trends in upward light emission of 98 communities located in or near IDSP to those of 98 similarly sized communities further away from the IDSP, using a night lights observing satellite (the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite Day-Night Band). The current dataset is not sufficient to distinguish the hypothesis that IDSP certification results in a lower rate of change in upward light emissions from the null hypothesis that IDSP certification has no impact. This result is with regard to upward light emissions only: it is possible that certification has resulted in decreases in night sky brightness that the satellite is not able to observe.
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Keywords
International Dark Sky Places, remote sensing, remote sensing, VIIRS DNB
References
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[22] Aubé, M., & Roby, J. (2014). Sky brightness levels before and after the creation of the first International Dark Sky Reserve, Mont-Mégantic Observatory, Québec, Canada. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 139, 52-63.
[23] Hänel, A., Posch, T., Ribas, S. J., Aubé, M., Duriscoe, D., Jechow, A., ... & Spoelstra, H. (2018). Measuring night sky brightness: methods and challenges. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 205, 278-290.
[24] Barentine, J. (2019) Methods for assessment and monitoring of light pollution around ecologically sensitive sites. Journal of Imaging, 5, 54.
[25] Narendran, N., Freyssinier, J. P., & Zhu, Y. (2016). Energy and user acceptability benefits of improved illuminance uniformity in parking lot illumination. Lighting Research & Technology, 48(7), 789-809.
[26] Ngarambe, J., & Kim, G. (2018). Sustainable Lighting Policies: The Contribution of Advertisement and Decorative Lighting to Local Light Pollution in Seoul, South Korea. Sustainability, 10(4), 1007.
[27] Arnold, G., Mellinger, D., Markowitz, P., Burke, M., & Lahar, D. (2012). A Win-Win-Win for Municipal Street Lighting: Converting Two-Thirds of Vermont’s Street Lights to LED by 2014. 2012 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings.
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[29] Elvidge, C. D., Baugh, K., Zhizhin, M., Hsu, F. C., & Ghosh, T. (2017). VIIRS night-time lights. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 38(21), 5860-5879.
[30] Kyba, C. C., Kuester, T., & Kuechly, H. U. (2017). Changes in outdoor lighting in Germany from 2012-2016. International Journal of Sustainable Lighting, 19(2), 112-112.
[31] International Dark-Sky Association International Dark Sky Places Program. https://www.darksky.org/ our-work/conservation/idsp/, accessed on 2019-05-13.
[32] Kyba, C., Garz, S., Kuechly, H., de Miguel, A. S., Zamorano, J., Fischer, J., & Hölker, F. (2014). High-resolution imagery of Earth at night: new sources, opportunities and challenges. Remote Sensing, 7(1), 1-23.
[33] Coesfeld, J., Anderson, S., Baugh, K., Elvidge, C., Schernthanner, H., & Kyba, C. (2018). Variation of Individual Location Radiance in VIIRS DNB Monthly Composite Images. Remote Sensing, 10(12), 1964.
[34] Hyde, E., Kyba, C. (2019). Analysis boundaries and lighting trends (2012-2018) for selected International Dark Sky Places. GFZ Data Services, DOI:10.5880/GFZ.1.4.2019.002
[35] International Dark-Sky Association (2019, May 6). International Dark Sky Places. Retrieved from https://www.darksky.org/our-work/conservation/idsp/
[36] de Miguel, A. S., Kyba, C. C., Aubé, M., Zamorano, J., Cardiel, N., Tapia, C., ... & Gaston, K. J. (2019). Colour remote sensing of the impact of artificial light at night (I): The potential of the International Space Station and other DSLR-based platforms. Remote Sensing of Environment, 224, 92-103.
[2] Levin, N., & Zhang, Q. (2017). A global analysis of factors controlling VIIRS nighttime light levels from densely populated areas. Remote Sensing of Environment, 190, 366-382.
[3] Tsao, J. Y., Saunders, H. D., Creighton, J. R., Coltrin, M. E., & Simmons, J. A. (2010). Solid-state lighting: an energy-economics perspective. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 43(35), 354001.
[4] Falchi, F., Cinzano, P., Duriscoe, D., Kyba, C. C., Elvidge, C. D., Baugh, K., ... & Furgoni, R. (2016). The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness. Science Advances, 2(6), e1600377
[5] Lunn, R. M., Blask, D. E., Coogan, A. N., Figueiro, M. G., Gorman, M. R., Hall, J. E., ... & Stevens, R. G. (2017). Health consequences of electric lighting practices in the modern world: a report on the National Toxicology Program's workshop on shift work at night, artificial light at night, and circadian disruption. Science of The Total Environment, 607, 1073-1084.
[6] Rich, C., & Longcore, T. (Eds.). (2013). Ecological consequences of artificial night lighting. Island Press.
[7] Ouyang, J. Q., Jong, M., Grunsven, R. H., Matson, K. D., Haussmann, M. F., Meerlo, P., ... & Spoelstra, K. (2017). Restless roosts: Light pollution affects behavior, sleep, and physiology in a free?living songbird. Global Change Biology.
[8] Owens, A. C., & Lewis, S. M. (2018). The impact of artificial light at night on nocturnal insects: A review and synthesis. Ecology and evolution, 8(22), 11337-11358.
[9] Knop, E., Zoller, L., Ryser, R., Gerpe, C., Hörler, M., & Fontaine, C. (2017). Artificial light at night as a new threat to pollination. Nature, 548(7666), 206-209.
[10] Grubisic, M., Van Grunsven, R. H. A., Kyba, C. C. M., Manfrin, A., & Hölker, F. (2018). Insect declines and agroecosystems: does light pollution matter?. Annals of applied biology, 173(2), 180-189.
[11] Somers-Yeates, R., Bennie, J., Economou, T., Hodgson, D., Spalding, A., & McGregor, P. K. (2016, June). Light pollution is associated with earlier tree budburst across the United Kingdom. In Proc. R. Soc. B (Vol. 283, No. 1833, p. 20160813). The Royal Society.
[12] Green, J., Perkins, C., Steinbach, R., & Edwards, P. (2015). Reduced street lighting at night and health: a rapid appraisal of public views in England and Wales. Health & Place, 34, 171-180.
[13] Steinbach, R., Perkins, C., Tompson, L., Johnson, S., Armstrong, B., Green, J., ... & Edwards, P. (2015). The effect of reduced street lighting on road casualties and crime in England and Wales: controlled interrupted time series analysis. Journal of Epidemiology Community Health, 69(11), 1118-1124.
[14] Marchant, P. (2017). Why lighting claims might well be wrong. International Journal of Sustainable Lighting, 19(1), 69-74.
[15] Gaston, K. J., Duffy, J. P., & Bennie, J. (2015). Quantifying the erosion of natural darkness in the global protected area system. Conservation Biology, 29(4), 1132-1141.
[16] Gallaway, T. (2010). On light pollution, passive pleasures, and the instrumental value of beauty. Journal of Economic Issues, 44(1), 71-88.
[17] Stone, T. (2018). The value of darkness: A moral framework for urban nighttime lighting. Science and engineering ethics, 24(2), 607-628.
[18] Collison, F. M., & Poe, K. (2013). “Astronomical Tourism”: The Astronomy and Dark Sky Program at Bryce Canyon National Park. Tourism Management Perspectives, 7, 1-15.
[19] Labuda, M., Koch, R., & Nagyová, A. (2015). "Dark Sky Parks" as measure to support nature tourism in large protection areas-case study in the Nature Park" Nossentiner/Schwinzer Heide". Naturschutz und Landschaftsplanung, 47(12), 380-388.
[20] Falchi, F., Cinzano, P., Elvidge, C. D., Keith, D. M., & Haim, A. (2011). Limiting the impact of light pollution on human health, environment and stellar visibility. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(10), 2714-2722.
[21] Kyba, C. C., Mohar, A., Pintar, G., & Stare, J. (2017). Reducing the environmental footprint of church lighting: Matching facade shape and lowering luminance with the EcoSky LED. International Journal of Sustainable Lighting, 19, 132.
[22] Aubé, M., & Roby, J. (2014). Sky brightness levels before and after the creation of the first International Dark Sky Reserve, Mont-Mégantic Observatory, Québec, Canada. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 139, 52-63.
[23] Hänel, A., Posch, T., Ribas, S. J., Aubé, M., Duriscoe, D., Jechow, A., ... & Spoelstra, H. (2018). Measuring night sky brightness: methods and challenges. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 205, 278-290.
[24] Barentine, J. (2019) Methods for assessment and monitoring of light pollution around ecologically sensitive sites. Journal of Imaging, 5, 54.
[25] Narendran, N., Freyssinier, J. P., & Zhu, Y. (2016). Energy and user acceptability benefits of improved illuminance uniformity in parking lot illumination. Lighting Research & Technology, 48(7), 789-809.
[26] Ngarambe, J., & Kim, G. (2018). Sustainable Lighting Policies: The Contribution of Advertisement and Decorative Lighting to Local Light Pollution in Seoul, South Korea. Sustainability, 10(4), 1007.
[27] Arnold, G., Mellinger, D., Markowitz, P., Burke, M., & Lahar, D. (2012). A Win-Win-Win for Municipal Street Lighting: Converting Two-Thirds of Vermont’s Street Lights to LED by 2014. 2012 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings.
[28] Miller, S. D., Straka, W., Mills, S. P., Elvidge, C. D., Lee, T. F., Solbrig, J., ... & Weiss, S. C. (2013). Illuminating the capabilities of the suomi national polar-orbiting partnership (NPP) visible infrared imaging radiometer suite (VIIRS) day/night band. Remote Sensing, 5(12), 6717-6766.
[29] Elvidge, C. D., Baugh, K., Zhizhin, M., Hsu, F. C., & Ghosh, T. (2017). VIIRS night-time lights. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 38(21), 5860-5879.
[30] Kyba, C. C., Kuester, T., & Kuechly, H. U. (2017). Changes in outdoor lighting in Germany from 2012-2016. International Journal of Sustainable Lighting, 19(2), 112-112.
[31] International Dark-Sky Association International Dark Sky Places Program. https://www.darksky.org/ our-work/conservation/idsp/, accessed on 2019-05-13.
[32] Kyba, C., Garz, S., Kuechly, H., de Miguel, A. S., Zamorano, J., Fischer, J., & Hölker, F. (2014). High-resolution imagery of Earth at night: new sources, opportunities and challenges. Remote Sensing, 7(1), 1-23.
[33] Coesfeld, J., Anderson, S., Baugh, K., Elvidge, C., Schernthanner, H., & Kyba, C. (2018). Variation of Individual Location Radiance in VIIRS DNB Monthly Composite Images. Remote Sensing, 10(12), 1964.
[34] Hyde, E., Kyba, C. (2019). Analysis boundaries and lighting trends (2012-2018) for selected International Dark Sky Places. GFZ Data Services, DOI:10.5880/GFZ.1.4.2019.002
[35] International Dark-Sky Association (2019, May 6). International Dark Sky Places. Retrieved from https://www.darksky.org/our-work/conservation/idsp/
[36] de Miguel, A. S., Kyba, C. C., Aubé, M., Zamorano, J., Cardiel, N., Tapia, C., ... & Gaston, K. J. (2019). Colour remote sensing of the impact of artificial light at night (I): The potential of the International Space Station and other DSLR-based platforms. Remote Sensing of Environment, 224, 92-103.
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